Systems and methods of estimating optimal phases to use for individual antennas in an antenna array

ABSTRACT

A method includes receiving a wireless communication signal indicating that a receiver is within a wireless-power-transmission range of a transmitter. In response to the receiving, the method further includes transmitting a plurality of radio frequency (RF) test signals using at least two test phases for a respective antenna. The method further includes receiving information identifying a first amount of power delivered to the receiver by a first RF test signal transmitted at a first of the at least two test phases, receiving information identifying a second amount of power delivered to the receiver by a second RF test signal transmitted at a second of the at least two test phases, and determining, based on the first and second amounts of power, an optimal phase for the respective antenna.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. Application Serial No. 17/330,284, filed on May 25, 2021, entitled “Systems And Methods Of Estimating Optimal Phases To Use For Individual Antennas In An Antenna Array,” which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. Application Serial No. 16/784,035, filed on Feb. 6, 2020 (now U.S. Pat. 11,018,779), entitled “Systems And Methods Of Estimating Optimal Phases To Use For Individual Antennas In An Antenna Array,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Pat. Application No. 62/802,127 filed Feb. 6, 2019, entitled “Systems and Methods of Estimating Optimal Phases to Use for Individual Antennas in an Antenna Array,” each of which is herein fully incorporated by reference in its respective entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to wireless power transmission, and more particularly to adjusting characteristics of power transmission signals to increase usable power wirelessly delivered to a receiver.

BACKGROUND

Portable electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, notebooks and other electronic devices are used every day by people to communicate and interact with one another. However, frequent use of an electronic device requires a significant amount of power which leads to depletion of the device’s battery. As such, a device may need to be charged at least once a day, or for some high-demand electronic devices, more than once a day. Accordingly, users frequently need to plug their devices into a power source in order to recharge their devices. This activity is tedious and burdensome, and users may need to carry chargers with them in case their portable electronic devices need to be charged. Users also need to locate available power sources (e.g., a wall outlet) to use the chargers.

To address this problem, wireless power transmission systems have been devised to wirelessly transmit power from one or more transmitters to one or more receivers. Such transmitters include antennas or coils configured to transmit power wirelessly. The transmitted power is received at and harvested by a receiver. To maximize the power received by the receiver, phase values of individual antennas of the transmitter may be calculated in order to maximize the power received by the receiver.

However, current solutions for determining an optimal phase involve sequentially incrementing the phase over a range of 360 degrees (or 2π) for each antenna, and then monitoring the amount of power received at the receiver at each phase value. Then, the phase corresponding to the maximum received power is chosen as the phase for the transmitter antenna. This process consumes valuable resources, like time, energy, and unnecessary processing cycles. The amount of time and processing required to perform this method drastically increases as the numbers of phases and antennas increase. Additionally, since each incremental phase is checked, the wireless signals transmitted by the transmitter are more susceptible to noise distortion.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, there is a need for a wireless power transmitter that estimates the optimal phase at which to transmit RF power to a receiver that saves time and processing, while decreasing susceptibility to noise distortion. One embodiment estimates the optimal phase based on two (or three) different phased RF test signals, rather than exhaustively searching the entire phase cycle of RF test signals for an optimal phase. The transmitter disclosed herein uses several methods to estimate the optimal transmitter phase for an antenna array.

(A1) In some embodiments, a method is performed at a wireless-power-transmitting device, and the method includes receiving, by a wireless communication radio of a wireless-power-transmitting device, which includes an antenna array, a wireless communication signal indicating that a wireless-power-receiving device is within a wireless-power-transmission range of the wireless-power-transmitting device. The method further includes, in response to receiving the wireless communication signal (i.e., upon determining that the wireless-power-transmitting device is within the wireless-power-transmission range), transmitting, via a respective antenna of the antenna array of the wireless-power-transmitting device, a plurality of radio frequency (RF) test signals using at least two test phases of a plurality of available phases for the respective antenna (the at least two test phases are different phases). Importantly, the plurality of available phases includes phases (e.g., phase values) in addition to the at least two test phases. The method further includes (i) receiving, from the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying a first amount of power delivered to (i.e., received by) the wireless-power-receiving device by a first of the plurality of RF test signals transmitted at a first of the at least two test phases, and (ii) receiving, from the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying a second amount of power delivered to (i.e., received by) the wireless-power-receiving device by a second of the plurality of RF test signals transmitted at a second of the at least two test phases. The method further includes determining, based on the first and second amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device, an optimal phase from among the plurality of available phases for the respective antenna of the wireless-power-transmitting device. It is noted that the at least two test phases may be predetermined.

(A2) In some embodiments of A1, no additional RF test signals are transmitted using phases in addition to the at least two test phases.

(A3) In some embodiments of any of A1-A2, the optimal phase is one of the phases in addition to the at least two test phases.

(A4) In some embodiments of any of A1-A3, the method further includes, transmitting, via the respective antenna of the wireless-power-transmitting device, one or more RF power signals with the optimal phase to the wireless-power-receiving device, wherein the wireless-power-receiving device uses power from the one or more RF power signals to power or charge itself. In some embodiments, the RF power signals have a first power level and the RF test signals have a second power level, the second power level being less than the first power level.

(A5) In some embodiments of any of A1-A4, transmitting the plurality of RF test signals further includes transmitting a first of the plurality of RF test signals in response to receiving the wireless communication signal from the wireless-power-receiving device; and transmitting a second of the plurality of RF test signals in response to receiving an additional wireless communication signal from the wireless-power-receiving device.

(A6) In some embodiments of any of A1-A5, the respective antenna is a first antenna; and the plurality of RF test signals is a first plurality of RF test signals. Moreover, in some embodiments, the method further includes, in response to receiving the wireless communication signal: transmitting, via each additional antenna of the antenna array, a respective plurality of RF test signals each transmitted using the at least two test phases; receiving for each additional antenna, from the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying a first amount of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device by a first of the plurality of RF test signals transmitted at the first of the at least two test phases; receiving for each additional antenna, from the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying a second amount of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device by a second of the plurality of RF test signals transmitted at the second of the at least two test phases; and determining, based on the first and second amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device by each additional antenna, an optimal phase from among the plurality of available phases for each additional antenna of the wireless-power-transmitting device.

(A7) In some embodiments of A6, the optimal phase for the first antenna differs from the optimal phase of at least one other antenna in the antenna array.

(A8) In some embodiments of any of A6-A7, the first plurality of RF test signals are transmitted before the plurality of RF test signals transmitted by the other antennas in the antenna array.

(A9) In some embodiments of any of A1-A8, respective values for the at least two different phases are separated by a predefined interval (e.g., a predefined amount/number of phases).

(A10) In some embodiments of A9, the predefined interval corresponds to known characteristics of a pure sinusoidal wave.

(A11) In some embodiments of any of A1-A10, the information identifying the first amount of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device is received via a first additional wireless communication signal; and the information identifying the second amount of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device is received via a second additional wireless communication signal.

(A12) In some embodiments of any of A1-A11, the information identifying the first amount of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device and the information identifying the second amount of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device are received together in an additional wireless communication signal.

(A13) In some embodiments of any of A1-A12, the method further includes, receiving, from the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying a third amount of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device by a third of the plurality of RF test signals transmitted at a third of the at least two test phases; and determining, based on the first, second, and third amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device, an optimal phase from among the plurality of available phases for the respective antenna of the wireless-power-transmitting device.

(A14) In some embodiments of any of A1-A13, the information identifying the first amount of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device indicates and a first amount of usable power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device. Furthermore, the information identifying the second amount of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device indicates a second amount of usable power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device.

(A15) In another aspect, a wireless-power-transmitting device (e.g., transmitter 102, FIGS. 1-2 ) is provided. In some embodiments, the wireless-power-transmitting device includes: a wireless communications radio; an antenna array; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for causing the wireless-power-transmitting device to perform the method described in any of A1-A14.

(A16) In yet another aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs configured for execution by one or more processors of a wireless-power-transmitting device that includes a wireless communications radio and an antenna array, the one or more programs including instructions for causing the wireless-power-transmitting device to perform the method described in any of A1-A14.

(A17) In yet another aspect, a wireless-power-transmitting device (e.g., transmitter 102, FIGS. 1-2 ) is provided and the wireless-power-transmitting device includes means for performing the method described in any one of A1-A14.

(B1) In some embodiments, another method is performed at a wireless-power-transmitting device, and the method includes receiving, by a wireless communications radio of a wireless-power-transmitting device that includes an antenna array, a wireless communication signal indicating that a wireless-power-receiving device is within a wireless-power-transmission range of the wireless-power-transmitting device. The method further includes, in response to receiving the wireless communication signal (i.e., upon determining that the wireless-power-transmitting device is within the wireless-power-transmission range): transmitting, via a respective antenna of the antenna array of the wireless-power-transmitting device: (i) a first radio frequency (RF) test signal at a first test phase of a plurality of available phases for the respective antenna, and (ii) a second RF test signal at a second test phase of the plurality of available phases, where the first and second test phases are separated by a number of the available test phases. The available phases include a range of phase values, and the first and second test phases are selected so that a threshold number of phase values from the range of phase values separate the first and second test phases.

The method further includes receiving, from the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying first and second amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device by the first and second RF test signals, respectively. The method further includes, in response to determining that the first amount of power is greater than the second amount of power: (i) selecting the first test phase as a reference test phase, and (ii) transmitting, via the respective antenna, third and fourth RF test signals at third and fourth test phases, respectively. Importantly, the third test phase is a greater phase value than the first test phase and the fourth test phase is a smaller phase value than the first test phase.

(B2) In some embodiments of B1, the method further includes information identifying third and fourth amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device by the third and fourth RF test signals, respectively.

(B3) In some embodiments of B2, the method further includes, in accordance with a determination that the third and fourth test phases are each adjacent to the reference test phase (i.e., the first test phase): (i) comparing the first, third, and fourth amounts of power to one another, and (ii) selecting, as an optimal phase for the respective antenna, the phase with a highest amount of power from the first, third, and fourth amounts of power.

(B4) In some embodiments of B2, the method further includes, in accordance with a determination that the third and fourth test phases are each not adjacent to the reference test phase (i.e., the first test phase) and in response to determining that the third amount of power is greater than the fourth amount of power: (i) selecting the third test phase as the reference test phase (i.e., a new reference test phase is selected), and (ii) transmitting, via the respective antenna, fifth and sixth RF test signals at fifth and sixth test phases, respectively. In some embodiments, the fifth test phase is a greater phase value than the third test phase and the sixth test phase is a smaller phase value than the third test phase.

(B5) In some embodiments of B4, the method further includes, in accordance with a determination that the fifth and sixth test phases are each adjacent to the reference test phase (i.e., the third test phase): (i) comparing the third, fifth, and sixth amounts of power to one another; and (ii) selecting, as an optimal phase for the respective antenna, the phase with a highest amount of power from the third, fifth, and sixth amounts of power.

(B6) In another aspect, a wireless-power-transmitting device (e.g., transmitter 102, FIGS. 1-2 ) is provided. In some embodiments, the wireless-power-transmitting device includes: a wireless communications radio; an antenna array; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for causing the wireless-power-transmitting device to perform the method described in any of B1-B5.

(B7) In yet another aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs configured for execution by one or more processors of a wireless-power-transmitting device that includes a wireless communications radio and an antenna array, the one or more programs including instructions for causing the wireless-power-transmitting device to perform the method described in any of B1-B5.

(B8) In yet another aspect, a wireless-power-transmitting device (e.g., transmitter 102, FIGS. 1-2 ) is provided and the wireless-power-transmitting device includes means for performing the method described in any one of B1-B5.

(C1) In some embodiments, another method is performed at a wireless-power-transmitting device that includes a wireless communications radio and an antenna array of one or more antennas configured to transmit RF signals for wireless power delivery at a predetermined plurality of distinct phases. The method includes, receiving, by the wireless communication radio of the wireless-power-transmitting device, a wireless communication signal indicating that a wireless-power-receiving device is within a wireless-power-transmission range of the wireless-power-transmitting device. The method also includes, upon determining that the wireless-power-transmitting device is within the wireless-power-transmission range: transmitting, by an antenna of the antenna array, multiple RF test signals each at a different phase selected from a subset of phases of the predetermined plurality of distinct phases. For example, if the predetermined plurality of distinct phases (also referred to herein as “a plurality of available phases”) consists of 1/16, 2/16, 3/16, 4/16, 5/16, 6/16, 7/16, 8/16, 9/16, 10/16, 11/16, 12/16, 13/16, 14/16, 15/16, and 16/16, then the difference phases of the multiple RF test signals may be 4/16 and 10/16, or 3/16, 8/16, and 13/16 (or some other combination). The method further includes (i) receiving, for each of the multiple RF test signals received by the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying a respective amount of power received by the wireless-power-receiving device, and (ii) determining, based on the information, an optimal phase, from the plurality of distinct phases, for transmitting wireless power from the antenna to the wireless-power-receiving device.

(C2) In some embodiments of C1, the different phases of the multiple RF test signals are each separated from one another by a phase difference (e.g., 5/16 phase difference, or some other phase difference).

(C3) In some embodiments of C2, the phase difference is predetermined.

(C4) In some embodiments of any of C1-C3, transmitting the multiple RF test signals comprises: (i) transmitting a first RF test signal at a first phase; and (ii) transmitting a second RF test signal at a second phase different from the first phase. Furthermore, receiving the information comprises receiving, for each of the first and second RF test signals received by the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying a respective amount of power received by the wireless-power-receiving device.

(C5) In some embodiments of C4, the method further includes, prior to determining the optimal phase: (i) determining that the wireless-power-receiving device received more power from the first RF test signal than the second RF test signal, and (ii) upon determining that the wireless-power-receiving device received more power from the first RF test signal than the second RF test signal, transmitting a third RF test signal at a third phase greater than the first phase and different to the second phase and transmitting a fourth RF test signal at a fourth phase less than the first phase and different to the second and third phases. The method may further include receiving, for each of the third and fourth RF test signals received by the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying a respective amount of power received by the wireless-power-receiving device.

(C6) In some embodiments of C5, the determined optimal phase is one of the first phase, third phase, and fourth phase.

(C7) In some embodiments of any of C1-C3, transmitting the multiple RF test signals consists of transmitting first and second RF test signals at first and second phases, respectively. Moreover, the optimal phase is a phase between or equal to the first and second phases.

(C8) In some embodiments of C7, determining the optimal phase comprises interpolating the optimal phase from the first and second phases.

(C9) In some embodiments of any of C1-C3, transmitting the multiple RF test signals consists of transmitting first, second, and third RF test signals at first, second, and third phases, respectively. Furthermore, determining the optimal phase comprises interpolating the optimal phase from the first, second, and third phases.

(C10) In another aspect, a wireless-power-transmitting device (e.g., transmitter 102, FIGS. 1-2 ) is provided. In some embodiments, the wireless-power-transmitting device includes: a wireless communications radio; an antenna array of one or more antennas configured to transmit radio frequency (RF) signals for wireless power delivery at a predetermined plurality of distinct phases; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for causing the wireless-power-transmitting device to perform the method described in any of C1-C9.

(C11) In yet another aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs configured for execution by one or more processors of a wireless-power-transmitting device that includes a wireless communications radio and an antenna array of one or more antennas configured to transmit radio frequency (RF) signals for wireless power delivery at a predetermined plurality of distinct phases, the one or more programs including instructions for causing the wireless-power-transmitting device to perform the method described in any of C1-C9.

(C12) In yet another aspect, a wireless-power-transmitting device (e.g., transmitter 102, FIGS. 1-2 ) is provided and the wireless-power-transmitting device includes means for performing the method described in any one of C1-C9.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the present disclosure can be understood in greater detail, a more particular description may be had by reference to the features of various embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. The appended drawings, however, merely illustrate pertinent features of the present disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting, for the description may admit to other effective features.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a representative wireless power transmission system in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a representative transmitter device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a representative receiver device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 4A-4B are plots illustrating example sinusoidal functions of radio frequency (RF) test signals transmitted by antennas of a transmitter in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 5A-5C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of estimating optimal phases to use for individual antennas in an antenna array in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 6A-6B are plots illustrating the results of simulations of a method of estimating optimal phases to use for individual antennas in an antenna array in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of estimating an optimal phase in accordance with some embodiments.

In accordance with common practice, the various features illustrated in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. In addition, some of the drawings may not depict all of the components of a given system, method or device. Finally, like reference numerals may be used to denote like features throughout the specification and figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Numerous details are described herein in order to provide a thorough understanding of the example embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. However, some embodiments may be practiced without many of the specific details, and the scope of the claims is only limited by those features and aspects specifically recited in the claims. Furthermore, well-known processes, components, and materials have not been described in exhaustive detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure pertinent aspects of the embodiments described herein.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of components of wireless power transmission environment 100, in accordance with some embodiments. Wireless power transmission environment 100 includes, for example, transmitters 102 (e.g., transmitters 102 a, 102 b ... 102 n) and one or more receivers 120 (e.g., receivers 120 a, 120 b ... 120 n). In some embodiments, each respective wireless power transmission environment 100 includes a number of receivers 120, each of which is associated with a respective electronic device 122. In some instances, the transmitter 102 is referred to herein as a “wireless-power-transmitting device” or a “wireless power transmitter.” Additionally, in some instances, the receiver 120 is referred to herein as a “wireless-power-receiving device” or a “wireless power receiver.”

An example transmitter 102 (e.g., transmitter 102 a) includes, for example, one or more processor(s) 104, a memory 106, one or more antenna arrays 110, one or more communications components 112 (also referred to herein as a “wireless communications radio,” a “communications radio” or simply a “radio”), and/or one or more transmitter sensors 114. In some embodiments, these components are interconnected by way of a communications bus 108. References to these components of transmitters 102 cover embodiments in which one or more of these components (and combinations thereof) are included. The components are discussed in further detail below with reference to FIG. 2 .

In some embodiments, a single processor 104 (e.g., processor 104 of transmitter 102 a) executes software modules for controlling multiple transmitters 102 (e.g., transmitters 102 b ... 102 n). In some embodiments, a single transmitter 102 (e.g., transmitter 102 a) includes multiple processors 104, such as one or more transmitter processors (configured to, e.g., control transmission of signals 116 by antenna array 110), one or more communications component processors (configured to, e.g., control communications transmitted by communications component 112 and/or receive communications by way of communications component 112) and/or one or more sensor processors (configured to, e.g., control operation of transmitter sensor 114 and/or receive output from transmitter sensor 114).

The wireless power receiver 120 receives power transmission signals 116 and/or communication signals 118 transmitted by transmitters 102. In some embodiments, the receiver 120 includes one or more antennas 124 (e.g., an antenna array including multiple antenna elements), power converter 126, receiver sensor 128, and/or other components or circuitry (e.g., processor(s) 140, memory 142, and/or communication component(s) 144). In some embodiments, these components are interconnected by way of a communications bus 146. References to these components of receiver 120 cover embodiments in which one or more of these components (and combinations thereof) are included.

The receiver 120 converts energy from received signals 116 (also referred to herein as RF power transmission signals, or simply, RF signals, RF waves, power waves, or power transmission signals) into electrical energy to power and/or charge electronic device 122. For example, the receiver 120 uses the power converter 126 to convert energy derived from power waves 116 to alternating current (AC) electricity or direct current (DC) electricity to power and/or charge the electronic device 122. Non-limiting examples of the power converter 126 include rectifiers, rectifying circuits, voltage conditioners, among suitable circuitry and devices.

In some embodiments, the receiver 120 is a standalone device that is detachably coupled to one or more electronic devices 122. For example, the electronic device 122 has processor(s) 132 for controlling one or more functions of the electronic device 122, and the receiver 120 has processor(s) 140 for controlling one or more functions of the receiver 120.

In some embodiments, the receiver 120 is a component of the electronic device 122. For example, processors 132 control functions of the electronic device 122 and the receiver 120. In addition, in some embodiments, the receiver 120 includes one or more processors 140, which communicates with processors 132 of the electronic device 122.

In some embodiments, the electronic device 122 includes one or more processors 132, memory 134, one or more communication components 136, and/or one or more batteries 130. In some embodiments, these components are interconnected by way of a communications bus 138. In some embodiments, communications between electronic device 122 and receiver 120 occur via communications component(s) 136 and/or 144. In some embodiments, communications between the electronic device 122 and the receiver 120 occur via a wired connection between communications bus 138 and communications bus 146. In some embodiments, the electronic device 122 and the receiver 120 share a single communications bus.

In some embodiments, the receiver 120 receives one or more power waves 116 directly from the transmitter 102 (e.g., via one or more antennas 124). In some embodiments, the receiver 120 harvests power waves from one or more pockets of energy created by one or more power waves 116 transmitted by the transmitter 102. In some embodiments, the transmitter 102 is a near-field transmitter that transmits the one or more power waves 116 within a near-field distance (e.g., less than approximately six inches away from the transmitter 102). In other embodiments, the transmitter 102 is a far-field transmitter that transmits the one or more power waves 116 within a far-field distance (e.g., more than approximately six inches away from the transmitter 102).

After the power waves 116 are received and/or energy is harvested from a pocket of energy, circuitry (e.g., integrated circuits, amplifiers, rectifiers, and/or voltage conditioner) of the receiver 120 converts the energy of the power waves (e.g., radio frequency electromagnetic radiation) to usable power (i.e., electricity), which powers the electronic device 122 and/or is stored to battery 130 of the electronic device 122. In some embodiments, a rectifying circuit of the receiver 120 translates the electrical energy from AC to DC for use by the electronic device 122. In some embodiments, a voltage conditioning circuit increases or decreases the voltage of the electrical energy as required by the electronic device 122. In some embodiments, an electrical relay conveys electrical energy from the receiver 120 to the electronic device 122.

In some embodiments, the electronic device 122 obtains power from multiple transmitters 102 and/or using multiple receivers 120. In some embodiments, the wireless power transmission environment 100 includes a plurality of electronic devices 122, each having at least one respective receiver 120 that is used to harvest power waves from the transmitters 102 into power for charging the electronic devices 122.

In some embodiments, the one or more transmitters 102 adjust values of one or more characteristics (e.g., waveform characteristics, such as phase, gain, direction, amplitude, polarization, and/or frequency) of power waves 116. For example, a transmitter 102 selects a subset of one or more antenna elements of antenna array 110 to initiate transmission of power waves 116, cease transmission of power waves 116, and/or adjust values of one or more characteristics used to transmit power waves 116. In some embodiments, the one or more transmitters 102 adjust power waves 116 such that trajectories of power waves 116 converge at a predetermined location within a transmission field (e.g., a location or region in space), resulting in controlled constructive or destructive interference patterns. The transmitter 102 may adjust values of one or more characteristics for transmitting the power waves 116 to account for changes at the wireless power receiver that may negatively impact transmission of the power waves 116.

As will be discussed in detail below with reference to FIGS. 5A-5C, the transmitter 102 is also configured to transmit RF test signals 116. The RF test signals are used to determine an optimal phase (also called an “optimal phase setting” or “optimal phase value”) for at least a subset of antennas in the transmitter’s antenna array 110. Additionally, at least in some embodiments, a location of the receiver is determined once the optimal phases are determined for the subset of antennas.

In some embodiments, respective antenna arrays 110 of the one or more transmitters 102 may include antennas having one or more polarizations. For example, a respective antenna array 110 may include vertical or horizontal polarization, right hand or left hand circular polarization, elliptical polarization, or other polarizations, as well as any number of polarization combinations. In some embodiments, antenna array 110 is capable of dynamically varying the antenna polarization (or any other characteristic) to optimize wireless power transmission.

In some embodiments, respective antenna arrays 110 of the one or more transmitters 102 may include a set of one or more antennas configured to transmit the power waves 116 into respective transmission fields of the one or more transmitters 102. Integrated circuits (not shown) of the respective transmitter 102, such as a controller circuit (e.g., a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC)) and/or waveform generator, may control the behavior of the antennas. For example, based on the information received from the receiver 120 by way of the communication signal 118, a controller circuit (e.g., processor 104 of the transmitter 102, FIG. 1 ) may determine values of the waveform characteristics (e.g., amplitude, frequency, trajectory, direction, phase, polarization, among other characteristics) of power waves 116 that would effectively provide power to the receiver 120, and in turn, the electronic device 122. The controller circuit may also identify a subset of antennas from the antenna arrays 110 that would be effective in transmitting the power waves 116. In some embodiments, a waveform generator circuit (not shown in FIG. 1 ) of the respective transmitter 102 coupled to the processor 104 may convert energy and generate the power waves 116 having the specific values for the waveform characteristics identified by the processor 104/ controller circuit, and then provide the power waves to the antenna arrays 110 for transmission.

In some embodiments, constructive interference of power waves occurs when two or more power waves 116 (e.g., RF power transmission signals) are in phase with each other and converge into a combined wave such that an amplitude of the combined wave is greater than amplitude of a single one of the power waves. For example, the positive and negative peaks of sinusoidal waveforms arriving at a location from multiple antennas “add together” to create larger positive and negative peaks. In some embodiments, a pocket of energy is formed at a location in a transmission field where constructive interference of power waves occurs.

In some embodiments, destructive interference of power waves occurs when two or more power waves are out of phase and converge into a combined wave such that the amplitude of the combined wave is less than the amplitude of a single one of the power waves. For example, the power waves “cancel each other out,” thereby diminishing the amount of energy concentrated at a location in the transmission field. In some embodiments, destructive interference is used to generate a negligible amount of energy or “null” at a location within the transmission field where the power waves converge.

In some embodiments, the one or more transmitters 102 transmit power waves 116 that create two or more discrete transmission fields (e.g., overlapping and/or non-overlapping discrete transmission fields). In some embodiments, a first transmission field (i.e., an area of physical space into which a first set of power waves is transmitted) is managed by a first processor 104 of a first transmitter (e.g., transmitter 102 a) and a second transmission field (i.e., another area of physical space into which a second set of power waves is transmitted) is managed by a second processor 104 of a second transmitter (e.g., transmitter 102 b). In some embodiments, the two or more discrete transmission fields (e.g., overlapping and/or non-overlapping) are managed by the transmitter processors 104 as a single transmission field. Moreover, in some embodiments, a single processor 104 manages the first and second transmission fields.

In some embodiments, the communications component 112 transmits communication signals 118 by way of a wired and/or wireless communication connection to the receiver 120. In some embodiments, the communications component 112 generates communication signals 118 used for triangulation of the receiver 120 (e.g., test signals). In some embodiments, the communication signals 118 are used to convey information between the transmitter 102 and receiver 120 for adjusting values of one or more waveform characteristics used to transmit the power waves 116 (e.g., convey amounts of power derived from RF test signals). In some embodiments, the communication signals 118 include information related to status, efficiency, user data, power consumption, billing, geo-location, and other types of information.

In some embodiments, the communications component 112 transmits communication signals 118 to the receiver 120 by way of the electronic device 122 a. For example, the communications component 112 may convey information to the communications component 136 of the electronic device 122 a, which the electronic device 122 a may in turn convey to the receiver 120 (e.g., via bus 138).

In some embodiments, the communications component 112 includes a communications component antenna for communicating with the receiver 120 and/or other transmitters 102 (e.g., transmitters 102 b through 102 n). In some embodiments, these communication signals 118 are sent using a first channel (e.g., a first frequency band) that is independent and distinct from a second channel (e.g., a second frequency band distinct from the first frequency band) used for transmission of the power waves 116.

In some embodiments, the receiver 120 includes a receiver-side communications component 144 (also referred to herein as a “wireless communications radio,” a “communications radio” or simply a “radio”)) configured to communicate various types of data with one or more of the transmitters 102, through a respective communication signal 118 generated by the receiver-side communications component (in some embodiments, a respective communication signal 118 is referred to as an advertising signal). The data may include location indicators for the receiver 120 and/or electronic device 122, a power status of the device 122, status information for the receiver 120, status information for the electronic device 122, status information about the power waves 116, and/or status information for pockets of energy. In other words, the receiver 120 may provide data to the transmitter 102, by way of the communication signal 118, regarding the current operation of the system 100, including: information identifying a present location of the receiver 120 or the device 122, an amount of energy (i.e., usable power) received by the receiver 120, and an amount of power received and/or used by the electronic device 122, among other possible data points containing other types of information.

In some embodiments, the data contained within communication signals 118 is used by the electronic device 122, the receiver 120, and/or the transmitters 102 for determining adjustments to values of one or more waveform characteristics used by the antenna array 110 to transmit the power waves 116. Using a communication signal 118, the transmitter 102 communicates data that is used, e.g., to identify receivers 120 within a transmission field, identify electronic devices 122, determine safe and effective waveform characteristics for power waves, and/or hone the placement of pockets of energy. In some embodiments, the receiver 120 uses a communication signal 118 to communicate data for, e.g., alerting transmitters 102 that the receiver 120 has entered or is about to enter a transmission field(e.g., come within wireless-power-transmission range of a transmitter 102), provide information about the electronic device 122, provide user information that corresponds to the electronic device 122, indicate the effectiveness of received power waves 116, and/or provide updated characteristics or transmission parameters that the one or more transmitters 102 use to adjust transmission of the power waves 116.

In some embodiments, transmitter sensor 114 and/or receiver sensor 128 detect and/or identify conditions of the electronic device 122, the receiver 120, the transmitter 102, and/or a transmission field. In some embodiments, data generated by the transmitter sensor 114 and/or receiver sensor 128 is used by the transmitter 102 to determine appropriate adjustments to values of one or more waveform characteristics used to transmit the power waves 106. Data from transmitter sensor 114 and/or receiver sensor 128 received by the transmitter 102 includes, e.g., raw sensor data and/or sensor data processed by a processor 104, such as a sensor processor. Processed sensor data includes, e.g., determinations based upon sensor data output. In some embodiments, sensor data received from sensors that are external to the receiver 120 and the transmitters 102 is also used (such as thermal imaging data, information from optical sensors, and others).

In some embodiments, the receiver sensor 128 is a gyroscope that provides raw data such as orientation data (e.g., tri-axial orientation data), and processing this raw data may include determining a location of the receiver 120 and/or or a location of receiver antenna 124 using the orientation data. Furthermore, the receiver sensor 128 can indicate an orientation of the receiver 120 and/or electronic device 122. As one example, the transmitters 102 receive orientation information from the receiver sensor 128 and the transmitters 102 (or a component thereof, such as the processor 104) use the received orientation information to determine whether electronic device 122 is flat on a table, in motion, and/or in use (e.g., next to a user’s head).

In some embodiments, the receiver sensor 128 includes one or more infrared sensors (e.g., that output thermal imaging information), and processing this infrared sensor data includes identifying a person (e.g., indicating presence of the person and/or indicating an identification of the person) or other sensitive object based upon the thermal imaging information.

In some embodiments, receiver sensor 128 is a sensor of the electronic device 122. In some embodiments, receiver 120 and/or electronic device 122 includes a communication system for transmitting signals (e.g., sensor signals output by receiver sensor 128) to the transmitter 102.

Non-limiting examples of the transmitter sensor 114 and/or the receiver sensor 128 include, e.g., infrared, pyroelectric, ultrasonic, laser, optical, Doppler, gyro, accelerometer, microwave, millimeter, RF standing-wave sensors, resonant LC sensors, capacitive sensors, and/or inductive sensors. In some embodiments, technologies for the transmitter sensor 114 and/or the receiver sensor 128 include binary sensors that acquire stereoscopic sensor data, such as the location of a human or other sensitive object.

In some embodiments, the transmitter sensor 114 and/or receiver sensor 128 is configured for human recognition (e.g., capable of distinguishing between a person and other objects, such as furniture). Examples of sensor data output by human recognition-enabled sensors include: body temperature data, infrared range-finder data, motion data, activity recognition data, silhouette detection and recognition data, gesture data, heart rate data, portable devices data, and wearable device data (e.g., biometric readings and output, accelerometer data).

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a representative transmitter device 102 (also sometimes referred to herein as a transmitter 102, a wireless power transmitter 102, and a wireless-power-transmitting device 102) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the transmitter device 102 includes one or more processors 104 (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, microprocessors, and the like), one or more communication components 112 (e.g., radios), memory 106, one or more antennas 110, and one or more communication buses 108 for interconnecting these components (sometimes called a chipset). In some embodiments, the transmitter device 102 includes one or more sensors 114 as described above with reference to FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, the transmitter device 102 includes one or more output devices such as one or more indicator lights, a sound card, a speaker, a small display for displaying textual information and error codes, etc. In some embodiments, the transmitter device 102 includes a location detection device, such as a GPS (global positioning satellite) or other geo-location receiver, for determining the location of the transmitter device 102.

The communication components 112 enable communication between the transmitter 102 and one or more communication networks. In some embodiments, the communication components 112 include, e.g., hardware capable of data communications using any of a variety of wireless protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISA100.11a, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) wired protocols (e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.), and/or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

The memory 106 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR SRAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and, optionally, includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical disk storage devices, one or more flash memory devices, or one or more other non-volatile solid state storage devices. The memory 106, or alternatively the non-volatile memory within memory 106, includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments, the memory 106, or the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of the memory 106, stores the following programs, modules, and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof:

-   operating logic 216 including procedures for handling various basic     system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks; -   communication module 218 for coupling to and/or communicating with     remote devices (e.g., remote sensors, transmitters, receivers,     servers, etc.) in conjunction with communication component(s) 112; -   sensor module 220 for obtaining and processing sensor data (e.g., in     conjunction with sensor(s) 114) to, for example, determine the     presence, velocity, and/or positioning of object in the vicinity of     the transmitter 102; -   optimal phase setting module 222 for determining an optimal phase     antenna for respective antennas in the transmitter’s antenna array     110 based on RF test signals 116. In some embodiments, as discussed     below with reference to FIGS. 5A-5C, the optimal phase setting     module 222 determines the optimal phase setting using either a     binary search method or a least squares method, or some combination     thereof; -   power wave generating module 224 for generating and transmitting     (e.g., in conjunction with antenna(s) 110) power waves and test     signals (e.g., RF test signals 116), including but not limited to,     forming pocket(s) of energy at given locations. In some embodiments,     the power wave generating module 224 is associated with (or     includes) the optimal phase setting module 222 in that the RF test     signals 116 are used to determine the optimal phase; and -   database 226, including but not limited to:     -   sensor information 228 for storing and managing data received,         detected, and/or transmitted by one or more sensors (e.g.,         sensors 114 and/or one or more remote sensors);     -   test phases 230 for storing and managing predetermined test         phases of test signals transmitted by the power wave generating         module 224. In some embodiments, as discussed below with         reference to FIGS. 5A-5C, the test phases are separated by a         predetermined interval corresponding to known characteristics of         a pure sinusoidal wave;     -   optimal phases 232 for storing and managing optimal antenna         phases determined by the optimal phase setting module 222 for         one or more antennas 110; and     -   communication protocol information 234 for storing and managing         protocol information for one or more protocols (e.g., custom or         standard wireless protocols, such as ZigBee, Z-Wave, etc.,         and/or custom or standard wired protocols, such as Ethernet).

Each of the above-identified elements (e.g., modules stored in memory 106 of the transmitter 102) is optionally stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices, and corresponds to a set of instructions for performing the function(s) described above. The above identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are optionally combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the memory 106, optionally, stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, the memory 106, optionally, stores additional modules and data structures not described above, such as a tracking module for tracking the movement and positioning of objects within a transmission field.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a representative receiver device 120 (also referred to herein as a receiver 120, a wireless power receiver 120, and a wireless-power-receiving device 120) in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the receiver device 120 includes one or more processors 140 (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, microprocessors, and the like), one or more communication components 144, memory 142, one or more antennas 124, power harvesting circuitry 310, and one or more communication buses 308 for interconnecting these components (sometimes called a chipset). In some embodiments, the receiver device 120 includes one or more sensors 128 such as one or sensors described above with reference to FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, the receiver device 120 includes an energy storage device 312 for storing energy harvested via the power harvesting circuitry 310. In various embodiments, the energy storage device 312 includes one or more batteries (e.g., battery 130, FIG. 1 ), one or more capacitors, one or more inductors, and the like.

As described above with reference to FIG. 1 , in some embodiments, the receiver 120 is internally or externally connected to an electronic device (e.g., electronic device 122 a, FIG. 1 ) via a connection 138 (e.g., a bus).

In some embodiments, the power harvesting circuitry 310 includes one or more rectifying circuits and/or one or more power converters. In some embodiments, the power harvesting circuitry 310 includes one or more components (e.g., a power converter 126) configured to convert energy from power waves and/or energy pockets to electrical energy (e.g., electricity). In some embodiments, the power harvesting circuitry 310 is further configured to supply power to a coupled electronic device (e.g., an electronic device 122), such as a laptop or phone. In some embodiments, supplying power to a coupled electronic device include translating electrical energy from an AC form to a DC form (e.g., usable by the electronic device 122).

The communication component(s) 144 enable communication between the receiver 120 and one or more communication networks. In some embodiments, the communication component(s) 144 include, e.g., hardware capable of data communications using any of a variety of custom or standard wireless protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISA100.11a, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) custom or standard wired protocols (e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.), and/or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. In some embodiments, the receiver 120 may utilize a built-in communication component (e.g., a Bluetooth radio) or an electronic device with which the receiver is coupled, and therefore, in these embodiments, the receiver 120 may not include its own communication component.

The memory 142 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR SRAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and, optionally, includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical disk storage devices, one or more flash memory devices, or one or more other non-volatile solid state storage devices. The memory 142, or alternatively the non-volatile memory within memory 142, includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments, the memory 142, or the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of the memory 142, stores the following programs, modules, and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof:

-   operating logic 314 including procedures for handling various basic     system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks; -   communication module 316 for coupling to and/or communicating with     remote devices (e.g., remote sensors, transmitters, receivers,     servers, electronic devices, mapping memories, etc.) in conjunction     with communication component(s) 144; -   sensor module 318 for obtaining and processing sensor data (e.g., in     conjunction with sensor(s) 128) to, for example, determine the     presence, velocity, and/or positioning of the receiver 120, a     transmitter 102, or an object in the vicinity of the receiver 120; -   power receiving module 320 for receiving (e.g., in conjunction with     antenna(s) 124 and/or power harvesting circuitry 310) and optionally     converting (e.g., in conjunction with power harvesting circuitry     310) the energy (e.g., to direct current); transferring the energy     to a coupled electronic device (e.g., an electronic device 122); and     optionally storing the energy (e.g., in conjunction with energy     storage device 312) -   power determining module 321 for determining (in conjunction with     operation of the power receiving module 320) an amount of power     received by the receiver based on energy extracted from power waves     (or RF test signals) and/or pockets or energy at which the power     waves converge (e.g., RF signals 116, FIG. 1 ). In some embodiments,     as discussed below with reference to FIGS. 5A-5C, after determining     an amount of power received by the receiver, the receiver 120     transmits to the transmitter 102 information identifying the amount     of power; and -   database 322, including but not limited to:     -   sensor information 324 for storing and managing data received,         detected, and/or transmitted by one or more sensors (e.g.,         sensors 128 and/or one or more remote sensors);     -   device settings 326 for storing and managing operational         settings for the receiver 120, a coupled electronic device         (e.g., an electronic device 122), and/or one or more remote         devices; and     -   communication protocol information 328 for storing and managing         protocol information for one or more protocols (e.g., custom or         standard wireless protocols, such as ZigBee, Z-Wave, etc.,         and/or custom or standard wired protocols, such as Ethernet).

In some embodiments, the power receiving module 321 communicates the amount of power to the communication module 316, which communicates the amount of power to other remote devices (e.g., transmitter 102, FIGS. 1-2 ). Moreover, in some embodiments, the power receiving module 321 communicates the amount of power to database 322 (e.g., the database 322 stores the amount of power derived from one or more power waves 116). In some embodiments, the power receiving module 321 instructs the communication module 316 to transmit distinct transmissions to the remote devices (e.g., a first communication signal that indicates a first amount of power received by the receiver (e.g., by a first test signal from the transmitter 102),a second communication signal that indicates a second amount of power received by the receiver (e.g., by a second test signal from the transmitter 102), and so on if needed). Alternatively, in some embodiments, the power receiving module 321 instructs the communication module 316 to transmit data packets to the remote devices (e.g., a respective data packet can include information for multiple test signals transmitted by the transmitter 102).

Each of the above identified elements (e.g., modules stored in memory 142 of the receiver 120) is optionally stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices, and corresponds to a set of instructions for performing the function(s) described above. The above identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are optionally combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the memory 142, optionally, stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, the memory 142, optionally, stores additional modules and data structures not described above, such as an identifying module for identifying a device type of a connected device (e.g., a device type for an electronic device 122).

FIGS. 4A-4B are plots illustrating example sinusoidal functions of radio frequency (RF) test signals transmitted by antennas (e.g., antennas in antenna array 110, FIGS. 1-2 ) of a transmitter (e.g., transmitter 102, FIGS. 1-2 ), in accordance with some embodiments. FIGS. 4A-4B are plots illustrating two examples of Equation (1):

|S| = A + cos (θ_(m) + v_(m))

where |S| is the signal level magnitude, A is a constant, θ_(m) is the frequency, and ν_(m) is the phase. In the example illustrated in FIG. 4A, A = 0 and ν_(m) = π/2. In the example illustrated in FIG. 4B, ν_(m) is not equal to exactly π/2 even though the RF test signals may be transmitted with a phase offset of π/2. This is due, in some instances, to noise. Thus, the example illustrated in FIG. 4B is a more realistic example of a sinusoidal function of RF test signals transmitted by antennas of a transmitter.

FIGS. 5A-5C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of estimating optimal phases to use for individual antennas in an antenna array (e.g., antenna array 110, FIGS. 1-2 ), in accordance with some embodiments. Operations of the method 500 may be performed by a transmitter (e.g., transmitter 102, FIGS. 1-2 ) or by one or more components thereof (e.g., those described above with reference to FIG. 2 ) (501). FIGS. 5A-5C correspond to instructions stored in a computer memory or computer-readable storage medium (e.g., memory 106 of the transmitter 102, FIG. 2 ).

As illustrated in FIG. 5A, in some embodiments, the method 500 includes receiving (502), by a radio of the transmitter, a wireless communication signal (e.g., signal 118, FIG. 1 ) indicating that a receiver is within a wireless-power-transmission range of the transmitter. In some embodiments, the wireless-power transmission range is predefined and excludes a shut-off region that is defined 1 to 2 feet in front of the transmitter. In some embodiments, the wireless-power-transmission range extends (excluding the shut-off region) approximately 1 to 10 feet from the transmitter 102. It is noted that the wireless-power transmission range may increase overtime as wireless charging technologies continue to improve their far-field charging capabilities. Thus, a skilled artisan will appreciate that the example range above is not meant to exclude technological improvements in this field.

In some embodiments, one or more receivers are within the wireless-power transmission range. In such cases, one or more transmitters may be utilized to provide wireless power to the one or more receivers. For example, if a receiver is not within a suitable distance from a transmitter (e.g., near an outer limit of the transmitter’s wireless-power transmission range), then a higher power transmitter (e.g., one that is closer to the receiver) may be selected to transmit to that transmitter. In some embodiments, the one or more transmitters are in communication with each other so that the transmitters are able coordinate charging routines (e.g., transmitter 1 informs transmitter 2 that it will transmit power to the receiver 120).

Continuing, in some embodiments, the method 500 includes transmitting (504), via a respective antenna of an antenna array (e.g., an instance of the antenna array 110, FIG. 1 ) of the transmitter, a plurality of RF test signals in response to receiving the wireless communication signal. The plurality of RF test signals is transmitted using at least two test phases (which may be predetermined) of a plurality of available phases for the respective antenna. For example, a first RF test signal is transmitter at a first test phases, a second RF test signal is transmitter at a second test phases different from the first RF test signal, and so on (if more the plurality of RF test signals includes more than two RF test signals). Importantly, the plurality of available phases includes phases (e.g., phase values) in addition to the at least two test phases. Put another way, the RF test signals in the plurality of RF test signals are transmitted using a subset - i.e., less than all - of the available phases.

The RF test signals discussed above are used to help determine an optimal phase for delivering wireless power to the wireless power receiver. In some embodiments, these RF test signals are not used by the wireless power receiver to provide power or charge to the wireless power receiver, or a device associated therewith. Instead, the RF power signals (discussed in detail below), which are higher power RF signals relative to the RF test signals, are used to provide power or charge to the wireless power receiver. In this way, the transmitter is able to preserve resources during a device tuning stage (e.g., while transmitting the RF test signals) until the optimal phases are determined for at least a subset of the transmitter’s antennas. As will be described in more detail below, the method 500 is able to locate a position of the wireless power receiver using test signals, tune the transmitter’s antennas, and then transmit RF power signals to the wireless power receiver. It is noted that the RF signals 116 discussed above with reference to FIG. 1 could be either the RF test signals or RF power signals.

In some embodiments, a first test phase (also referred to herein as a “test phase setting” or “test phase value”) may be 3/16 of one cycle of the RF test signals transmitted by the transmitter (e.g., 2π*3/16 for sinusoidal signals). In this example, a second test phase may be 11/16 of one cycle of the RF test signals transmitted by the transmitter. Because two test phases are used, determining (526) an optimal phase for respective antennas is referred to herein as a binary search method, which will be discussed in greater detail below. In some other embodiments, the first and second test phases are different from 3/16 and 11/16. The key here, for either the binary search method or the least squares method (also discussed below) is that the first and second (and potentially third) test phases are separated by a threshold amount of phase values/settings (sometimes referred to below as a “predetermined interval” or a “predefined amount of phases”). The threshold amount of phase values may be greater than or equal to 5/16 in some embodiments (lesser amounts can also be used).

As mentioned above, the plurality of available phases (also referred to herein as “a predetermined plurality of distinct phases”) may include phases in addition to the at least two test phases, which may be predetermined test phases. For example, the plurality of available phases may include 1/16, 2/16, 3/16, 4/16, 5/16, 6/16, 7/16, 8/16, 9/16, 10/16, 11/16, 12/16, 13/16, 14/16, 15/16, and 16/16. One skilled in the art will appreciate that different antennas have various available phases, and the ⅟16 example above is merely one possible antenna arrangement.

In some other embodiments, the plurality of test signals includes three test signals, and as a result, three test phases are used, which may also be predetermined test phases. In one example, the first test phase is 3/16, the second test phase is 8/16, and the third test phase is 13/16. In this example, determining (526) an optimal phase for respective antennas is a least squares method. The least squares method is generally a faster and more accurate optimal phase estimation method than the binary search method. This approach will be discussed in greater detail with reference to step 526.

It is noted that, with the least squares method, phases of 3/16, 8/16, and 13/16 provide a reliable estimation of the optimal phase. With that said, other test phases can also be used that provide equally reliable estimations of the optimal phase due, in part, to these other test phases being equally susceptible to noise and finite bit width effects in computation of the pseudo-inverse (e.g., 4/16, 9/16, and 14/16 may be used, or some other combination of test phases may be used). Moreover, using more than three test phases with the least squares method can further improve the robustness to noise in the optimal phase measurements. It is also noted that some test phase combinations do not provide a reliable estimation of the optimal phase. For example, test phases of 0/16, 1/16, and 2/16 provide poor estimates of optimal phase because, in part, the pseudoinverse matrix is unstable, meaning it is susceptible to noise in the power signal and also computer finite bit width effects when computing the least squares solution.

In some embodiments, respective values for the at least two different phases are separated by a predefined interval (506). For example, where the at least two test phases are 3/16, 8/16, and 13/16, the phases are separated by a predefined interval of 5/16 (i.e., five phase values separate each test phase (in some embodiments, a greater or lesser predefined internal is used). The predefined interval corresponds to known characteristics of a pure sinusoidal wave (508). For example, the transmitter may transmit the RF test signals as pure sinusoidal waves. That is, in some instances, the RF test signals may be characterized by the functions described with reference to FIGS. 4A-4B. As described with reference to FIGS. 4A-4B, the predefined interval may be defined by sampling the sinusoidal wave at a predefined number of points on the sinusoidal wave that are, for example, equidistant along the phase index axis. The distance in phase index between the predefined number of points on the sinusoidal wave is the predefined interval.

In some embodiments, no RF test signals are transmitted using phases in addition to the at least two test phases (510). For example, where the at least two test phases are 3/16, 8/16, and 13/16, other phases - e.g., 1/16, 2/16, 4/16, 5/16, 6/16, 7/16, 9/16, 10/16, 11/16, 12/16, 14/16, 15/16, and 16/16 - are not transmitted. It is noted that one of these phases could ultimately be the optimal phase (discussed below). In other embodiments, such as with the binary search method, some RF test signals are transmitted using phases in addition to the at least two predetermined test phases.

In some embodiments, transmitting the plurality of RF test signals includes transmitting (512) a first RF test signal of the plurality of RF test signals in response to receiving the wireless communication signal from the receiver (e.g., receiver 120, FIGS. 1 and 3 ), and also transmitting (514) a second RF test signal of the plurality of RF test signals in response to receiving an additional wireless communication signal from the receiver. The additional wireless communication signal may be separate and distinct from the wireless communication signal indicating that a receiver is within a wireless-power-transmission range of the transmitter (received at 502) and/or separate and distinct from the plurality of RF test signals using the at least two test phases (transmitted at 504). Alternatively, in some embodiments, transmitting the plurality of RF test signals includes transmitting the first RF test signal and the second RF test signal in response to receiving the wireless communication signal from the receiver.

In some embodiments, the method 500 includes transmitting (515) a third RF test signal of the plurality of RF test signals. The third RF test signal may be transmitted after transmitting the first and second RF test signals. Transmission of the third RF test signal is used with the least squares method, discussed below.

As illustrated in FIG. 5B, in some embodiments, the method 500 includes receiving (516), from the receiver, information identifying a first amount of power delivered to (i.e., received by) the receiver by a first RF test signal of the plurality of RF test signals transmitted at a first test phase of the at least two test phases. For example, where the at least two test phases are 3/16 and 11/16, information identifying a first amount of power delivered to the receiver may be transmitted at phase setting 3/16.

In some embodiments, the information identifying the first amount of power delivered to the receiver is received via a first additional wireless communication signal (518) (e.g., by the radio of transmitter). The first additional wireless communication signal may be separate and distinct from the wireless communication signal indicating that a receiver is within a wireless-power-transmission range of the transmitter (received at 502), the plurality of RF test signals using the at least two test phases (transmitted at 504), and/or the additional wireless communication signal from the receiver (transmitted at 514, which is optional).

The method 500 also includes receiving (520), from the receiver, information identifying a second amount of power delivered to (i.e., received by) the receiver by a second RF test signal of the plurality of RF test signals transmitted at a second test phase (distinct from the first test phase) of the at least two test phases. For example, where the at least two test phases are 3/16 and 11/16, information identifying the second amount of power delivered to the receiver may be transmitted at phase setting 11/16.

In some embodiments, the information identifying the second amount of power delivered to the receiver is received via a second additional wireless communication signal (522). The second additional wireless communication signal may be separate and distinct from the wireless communication signal indicating that a receiver is within a wireless-power-transmission range of the transmitter (received at 502), the plurality of RF test signals using the at least two test phases (transmitted at 504), and/or the additional wireless communication signal from the receiver (transmitted at 514).

In some other embodiments, the information identifying the first amount of power delivered to the receiver and the information identifying the second amount of power delivered to the receiver are received together in an additional wireless communication signal. This additional wireless communication signal may be separate and distinct from the wireless communication signal indicating that a receiver is within a wireless-power-transmission range of the transmitter (received at 502), the plurality of RF test signals using the at least two test phases (transmitted at 504), and/or the additional wireless communication signal from the receiver (transmitted at 514).

In some embodiments, the method 500 includes receiving (525), from the receiver, information identifying a third amount of power delivered to the receiver by a third RF test signal of the plurality of RF test signals transmitted at a third test phase (distinct from the first and second test phases) of the at least two test phases. In this example, the test phases may be 3/16 (e.g., the first test phase), 8/16 (e.g., the second test phase), and 13/16 (e.g., the third test phase), information identifying the third amount of power delivered to the receiver may be transmitted at phase 13/16. Step 525 is performed with the least squares method discussed in detail below.

In some embodiments, the method 500 includes determining (526), based on the first and second amounts of power delivered to the receiver, an optimal phase from among the plurality of available phases for the respective antenna of the transmitter. In some embodiments, where there are two test phases (e.g., phases of 3/16 and 11/16), determining an optimal phase is performed using a binary search method, which is detailed below. The binary search method is also discussed on its own with reference to the method 700.

Using 2π*3/16 and 2π*11/16 as example test phases, the binary search method may be carried out as follows. First, the respective absolute values of the signal level magnitudes (e.g., |S| in Equation (1)) for phase indices 3/16 and 11/16 are measured. Next, if the signal level magnitude (i.e., the amount of power) for phase index 3/16 is greater than the signal level magnitude for phase index 11/16, then phase index 3/16 is assigned as the temporary maximum. If, on the other hand, the signal level magnitude for phase index 11/16 is greater than the signal level magnitude for phase index 3/16, then phase index 11/16 is assigned as the temporary maximum. It should be noted that the present disclosure is not limited to test phases 2π*3/16 and 2π*11/16, as mentioned above.

In this embodiment of the binary search method, because there are 16 phase index values, the true maximum of the signal level must be within four samples of the phase index value that is the temporary maximum. Therefore, the respective absolute values of the signal level magnitudes for the two phase indices are four samples less than and four samples greater than the temporary maximum are measured. For example, where the temporary maximum is at phase index 3/16, phase indices 7/16 and 15/16 are the next two that are assessed. That is, the absolute values of the signal level magnitudes at phase indices 7/16 and 15/16 are compared to the temporary maximum. The new phase index value that has the greatest value is then assigned as the new temporary maximum.

This process of comparing the absolute values of the signal level magnitudes is iterated until all phase index values have been checked. At each subsequent iteration, the number of samples that are away from the temporary maximum and compared to the temporary maximum is decreased by half. For example, continuing the example in which there are 16 phase index values, the next iteration includes comparing the two phase index values that are two samples less than and two samples greater than the temporary maximum’s phase index value with the temporary maximum. The iteration after this includes comparing the two phase index values that are one sample less than and one sample greater than the temporary maximum’s phase index value with the temporary maximum. At this point, the binary search method is complete and the phase index value corresponding to the maximum in the last iteration is the optimal phase for the respective antenna.

Unlike other methods for optimal phase estimation, the binary search method does not require sequentially incrementing the phase over an entire cycle of the antenna signal under test. Therefore, the binary search method decreases the amount of time and processing required to carry out optimal phase estimation and decreases the transmitter’s susceptibility to noise distortion. In particular, using the example of 16 phase index values, the binary search method measures 8 phase index values of the possible 16 phase index values in order to the optimal phase for the respective antenna. Some antennas have 64 phase index values (or even greater numbers), and in such cases, the benefits of the binary search method become even more pronounced (e.g., only 32 of the possible 64 phase index have to be measured to determine the optimal phase). However, even the binary search method may be improved by estimating the optimal phase using a least squares method, which is discussed below.

If more than two test phases are transmitted (e.g., at step 504), then the binary search method is no longer used. Instead, a least squares method is used. The least squares method involves determining (526) the optimal phase based on, at least, the first, second, and third amounts of power delivered to the receiver (527) (e.g., interpolating the optimal phase from the test phases and their respective amounts of power delivered to the receiver, as described below). It is noted that more than three measurements of power can be used in the least squares method (and also two measurements of power can also be used in the least squares method). Using 2π*3/16, 2π*8/16, and 2π* 13/16 as example test phases, the least squares method may be carried out as follows. First, using trigonometric identities, Equation (1) above may be expressed as Equation (2):

|S| = A + cos (θ_(m))cos (v_(m)) − sin (θ_(m)) − sin (v_(m))

In this example, since all 16 test phases vary over the range [0,2π], the RF test signal level magnitude may be expressed as a projection, which may be defined by Equation (3):

$|S| = H\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} {\cos\left( v_{m} \right)} \\ {\sin\left( v_{m} \right)} \\ {Α} \end{array} \right\rbrack$

where H is a model matrix, and may be defined by Equation (4):

$H = \begin{bmatrix} {\cos\left( {2\pi \ast 3/16} \right)} & {\sin\left( {2\pi \ast 3/16} \right)} & 1 \\ {\cos\left( {2\pi \ast 8/16} \right)} & {\sin\left( {2\pi \ast \text{8}/16} \right)} & 1 \\ {\cos\left( {2\pi \ast 13/16} \right)} & {\sin\left( {2\pi \ast 13/16} \right)} & 1 \end{bmatrix}$

In example embodiments where the number of test phases is greater than 3, the matrix H may be defined by Equation (5):

$H = \begin{bmatrix} {\cos\left( {2\pi \ast v_{1}} \right)} & {\sin\left( {2\pi \ast v_{1}} \right)} & 1 \\ {\cos\left( {2\pi \ast v2} \right)} & {\sin\left( {2\pi \ast v_{2}} \right)} & 1 \\ \ldots & \ldots & 1 \\ {\cos\left( {2\pi \ast v_{n}} \right)} & {\sin\left( {2\pi \ast v_{n}} \right)} & 1 \end{bmatrix}$

where ν₁ to ν_(n) are the n test phases.

To determine the optimal phase, Equation (3) may be rewritten as Equation (6):

$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} {\cos\left( v_{m} \right)} \\ {\sin\left( v_{m} \right)} \\ {Α} \end{array} \right\rbrack = pinv\left( {H^{\prime}\, H} \right)H^{\prime}|S|$

where pinν is the pseudoinverse and H′ indicates the conjugate transpose or Hermitian Transpose of the matrix H. The right-hand side of Equation (6) generates a vector of coefficients on the left-hand side. The first and second of these coefficients may then be used to determine the optimal phase in accordance with Equation (7):

$v_{m} = \arctan\left( \frac{sin\left( v_{m} \right)}{cos\left( v_{m} \right)} \right)$

One skilled in the art will appreciate that different transmitting antennas and different transmission signals will have various mathematical representations, and the expressions above are merely examples of such representations.

In some embodiments, the optimal phase is one of the phases in addition to the at least two test phases (528). For example, where the at least two test phases are 3/16, 8/16, and 13/16, the optimal phase is one of the other 13 phases. However, in other embodiments, the optimal phase may be either 3/16, 8/16, or 13/16.

Regardless of whether the binary search method or the least squares method is used, the method 500 further includes transmitting (530), via the respective antenna of the transmitter, one or more RF power signals having the optimal phase to the receiver. In some embodiments, the receiver uses power (e.g., energy) from the one or more RF power signals to power or charge itself and/or power or charge an electronic device coupled to the receiver.

In some embodiments, the method 500 includes tuning each additional antenna of the antenna array in the manner described above with reference to steps 504-515. For example, the method 500 includes transmitting (532), via each additional antenna of the antenna array, a respective plurality of RF test signals each transmitted using the at least two test phases.

Prior to this transmission 532, the steps performed thus far in the method 500 have been performed by a single antenna in the transmitter’s antenna array. However, because the optimal phase may not be the same for each additional antenna in the array, these steps may be repeated for each additional antenna. In this way, each antenna in the array transmits RF test signals at a subset of the available test phases rather than exhaustively transmitting RF test signals at all available test phases and searching for the optimal phase in a brute force manner. As the number of antennas in the array increases, this process drastically saves time and computing power. Additionally, this process decreases the transmitter’s susceptibility to noise distortion in the transmission signals.

In some embodiments, the method 500 includes receiving (534) for each additional antenna, from the receiver, information identifying a first amount of power delivered to the receiver by a first of the plurality of RF test signals transmitted at the first of the at least two test phases. In some embodiments, receiving 534 may include features mentioned above with reference to steps 516-518.

Continuing, in some embodiments, the method 500 includes receiving (536) for each additional antenna, from the receiver, information identifying a second amount of power delivered to the receiver by a second of the plurality of RF test signals transmitted at the second of the at least two test phases. In some embodiments, receiving 536 may include features mentioned above with reference to steps 520-524. The method 500 may also include receiving for each additional antenna, from the receiver, information identifying a third amount of power delivered to the receiver by a third of the plurality of RF test signals transmitted at the third of the at least two test phases.

Continuing, in some embodiments, the method 500 includes determining (538), based on the first and second (and, in some embodiments, third) amounts of power delivered to the receiver by each additional antenna, an optimal phase from among the plurality of available phases for each additional antenna of the transmitter. In some embodiments, determining 538 may include features mentioned above with reference to steps 526-528.

Continuing, in some embodiments, the method 500 includes transmitting (540), via each antenna, RF power signals with the determined optimal phases to the receiver. In some embodiments, the receiver uses power (e.g., energy) from the one or more RF power signals to power or charge itself and/or power or charge an electronic device coupled to the receiver. In some embodiments, transmitting 540 may include features mentioned above with reference to step 530.

FIGS. 6A-6B are plots illustrating the results of simulations of a method of estimating optimal phases to use for individual antennas in an antenna array, in accordance with some embodiments.

The plot in FIG. 6A illustrates the results of a simulation of the binary search method described above with reference to FIGS. 5A-5C. In this simulation, a 30-antenna array was used in the transmitter. As illustrated in FIG. 6A, in this simulation, the number of signal level measurements required to determine the optimal phase in the binary search method approaches approximately 180 as the number of antennas that have transmitted RF test signals approaches 30. This contrasts with the results of the simulation illustrated in FIG. 6B. The plot in FIG. 6B illustrates the results of a simulation of the least squares method described above with reference to FIGS. 5A-5C. In this simulation, a 30-antenna array was used in the transmitter. As illustrated in FIG. 6B, in this simulation, the number of signal level measurements required to determine the optimal phase in the least squares method approaches approximately 90 as the number of antennas that have transmitted RF test signals approaches 30. Therefore, the least squares method achieves approximately half the computational complexity as the binary search method.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a binary search method 700 of estimating an optimal phase in accordance with some embodiments. Operations of the method 700 may be performed by a transmitter (e.g., transmitter 102, FIGS. 1-2 ) or by one or more components thereof (e.g., those described above with reference to FIG. 2 ). FIG. 7 corresponds to instructions stored in a computer memory or computer-readable storage medium (e.g., memory 106 of the transmitter 102, FIG. 2 ). It is noted that aspects of the binary search method have already been described above with reference to the method 500. Therefore, for the sake of brevity, those aspects already covered in the method 500 are generally not repeated here.

The method 700 includes receiving, by a radio of the transmitter, a wireless communication signal (e.g., signal 118, FIG. 1 ) indicating that a receiver is within a wireless-power-transmission range of the transmitter. Receiving a wireless communication signal from a receiver is discussed in further detail above with reference to step 502 of the method 500.

The method 700 further includes, in response to receiving the wireless communication signal: transmitting (702), via a respective antenna of the antenna array of the wireless-power-transmitting device: (i) a first radio frequency (RF) test signal at a first test phase of a plurality of available phases for the respective antenna, and (ii) a second RF test signal at a second test phase of the plurality of available phases. The first and second test phases are separated by a number of the available test phases. The available phases include a range of phase values, and the first and second test phases are selected so that a threshold number of phase values from the range of phase values separate the first and second test phases. To illustrate, if the first and second test phases are 3/16 and 11/16, respectively, then these example settings are separate by seven phase values from either’s perspective (e.g., seven phase values separate 3/16 and 11/16 (e.g., 4/16 through 10/16), and seven phase values separate 11/16 and 3/16, e.g., 12/16 through 2/16). One example is that a predetermined interval is used to ensure that the number of the available test phases is between the first and second test settings (e.g., the predetermined interval is seven phase values).

The method 700 further includes receiving (704), from the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying first and second amounts of power delivered to (i.e., received by) the wireless-power-receiving device by the first and second RF test signals, respectively. Receiving additional signals from the receiver is discussed in further detail above with reference to steps 522 and 524 of the method 500.

The method 700 further includes determining (706) whether the first amount of power is greater than the second amount of usable power (or vice versa). In response to determining that the first amount of power is greater than the second amount of power (706-Yes), the method 700 further includes selecting the first test phase as a reference test phase. Alternatively, in response to determining that the first amount of power is not greater than the second amount of power (706-No), the method 700 includes selecting the second test phase as the reference test phase.

For ease of discussion going forward, the first test phase is selected as the reference test phase. With that said, the discussion below could equally apply to those situations where the second test phase is selected as the reference test phase. It is also noted that, in some instances, the first and second amounts of power may be equal to each other. In such instances, the process described below is repeated for the second test phase. Optimal phases determined from the first test phase and the second test phase are then compared (if different), and the result with the highest amount of power is chosen as the final optimal phase for the respective antenna.

In some embodiments, the method 700 further includes transmitting (708), via the respective antenna, third and fourth RF test signals at third and fourth test phases (each distinct from the first and second test phases), respectively, where the third test phase is a greater phase value than the reference test phase (i.e., the first test phase) and the fourth test phase is a smaller phase value than the reference test phase (i.e., the first test phase). In addition, the third and fourth test phases are both one of the number of the available test phases that separated the first and second test phases. To illustrate, if 3/16 is selected to be the reference test phase, then the third and fourth test phases are, say, 15/16 and 7/16. It is noted that other phase values for the third and fourth test phases may be selected, and the examples provided are used here to provide context.

In some embodiments, the method 700 includes receiving (710), from the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying third and fourth amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device by the third and fourth RF test signals. Again, receiving additional signals from the receiver is discussed in further detail above with reference to steps 522 and 524 of the method 500.

Thereafter, the method 700 includes determining (712) whether the third and fourth test phases are each adjacent to the reference test phase. To illustrate, if 3/16 is selected to be the reference test phase, and the third and fourth test phases are, say, 2/16 and 4/16, then the third and fourth test phases are each “adjacent” to the reference test phase (i.e., the reference test phase, the third test phases, and the fourth test phases are sequential numbers).

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the third and fourth test phases are each adjacent to the reference test phase (712-Yes), the method 700 further comprises: (i) comparing (714) the first, third, and fourth amounts of power to one another, and (ii) selecting (716), as an optimal phase for the respective antenna, the phase with a highest amount of power from the first, third, and fourth amounts of power.

However, in accordance with a determination that the third and fourth test phases are not each adjacent to the reference test phase (712-No), the method 700 loops back to the determining step of 706, and further includes determining (706) whether the third amount of power is greater than the fourth amount of power. During the loop operation, the steps of 708, 710, 712, and potentially steps 714 and 716 are repeated. For example, in response to determining that the third amount of power is greater than the fourth amount of power (706-Yes), the method 700 may include: (i) selecting the third test phase as the reference test phase, and (ii) transmitting, via the respective antenna, fifth and sixth RF test signals at fifth and sixth test phases, respectively, where the fifth test phase is a greater phase value than the third test phase and the sixth test phase is a smaller phase value than the third test phase. In addition, the fifth and sixth test phases are both one of the number of the available test phases that separate the first and second test phases. Similar steps are performed if the fourth test phase is selected as the reference test phase. To illustrate and by building on the example above, if 3/16 is selected to be the first reference test phase and (i) the third and fourth test phases are 15/16 and 7/16 and (ii) 7/16 is selected to be the second reference test phase, then the fifth and sixth test phases are, say, 5/16 and 9/16 (or some other values less than and greater than 7/16).

Continuing with this example, the method 700 can further include receiving (710), from the wireless-power-receiving device, information identifying fifth and sixth amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power-receiving device by the fifth and sixth RF test signals. Thereafter, the method 700 includes determining (712) whether the fifth and sixth test phases are each adjacent to the reference test phase. In accordance with a determination that the fifth and sixth test phases are each adjacent to the reference test phase (712-Yes), the method 700 further includes: (i) comparing (714) the first, fifth, and sixth amounts of power to one another, and (ii) selecting (716), as an optimal phase for the respective antenna, the phase with a highest amount of power from the first, fifth, and sixth amounts of power. However, in accordance with a determination that the third and fourth test phases are not each adjacent to the reference test phase (712-No), the method 700 loops back to the determining step of 706 and the loop operation is performed again (e.g., seventh and eighth RF test signals at seventh and eighth test phases are transmitted). The method 700 continues to loop until the Xth and Yth test phases are both adjacent to the reference test phase.

After the optimal phase is selected for the respective antenna of the transmitter, the method 700 includes transmitting, via the respective antenna, one or more RF power signals having the optimal phase to the receiver. In some embodiments, the receiver uses power (e.g., energy) from the one or more RF power signals to power or charge itself and/or power or charge an electronic device coupled to the receiver.

In some embodiments, the method 700 also includes tuning each additional antenna of the antenna array in the manner described in the method 700. Once each antenna (or some threshold number of antennas) of the transmitter is (are) tuned to its (their) optimal phase, the method 700 includes transmitting, via each antenna, RF power signals with the determined optimal phases to the receiver.

It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. are used above to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the claims. As used in the description of the embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in accordance with a determination” or “in response to detecting,” that a stated condition precedent is true, depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined [that a stated condition precedent is true]” or “if [a stated condition precedent is true]” or “when [a stated condition precedent is true]” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “in accordance with a determination” or “upon detecting” or “in response to detecting” that the stated condition precedent is true, depending on the context.

Features of the present invention can be implemented in, using, or with the assistance of a computer program product, such as a storage medium (media) or computer readable storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a processing system to perform any of the features presented herein. The storage medium (e.g., memory 106) can include, but is not limited to, high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices, and may include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory (e.g., 106, 134, and/or 142) optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from the CPU(s) (e.g., processor(s) 104, 132, and/or 140). Memory (e.g., 106, 134, and/or 142), or alternatively the non-volatile memory device(s) within the memory, comprises a non-transitory computer readable storage medium.

Stored on any one of the machine readable medium (media), features of the present invention (e.g., an executable instruction set to cause a transmitter and/or receiver to perform aspects of the methods 500 and 700) can be incorporated in software and/or firmware for controlling the hardware of a processing system (such as the components associated with the transmitters 102 and/or receivers 120), and for enabling a processing system to interact with other mechanisms utilizing the results of the present invention. Such software or firmware may include, but is not limited to, application code, device drivers, operating systems, and execution environments/containers.

The preceding description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the embodiments described herein and variations thereof. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter disclosed herein. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the following claims and the principles and novel features disclosed herein. 

1. (canceled)
 2. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium including instructions that, when executed by a wireless-power transmitter that includes an antenna array, cause the wireless-power transmitter to perform operations, comprising: transmitting, via an antenna of the antenna array of the wireless-power transmitter, radio frequency (RF) test signals using test phases of a set of available phases, wherein each of the RF test signals uses a distinct one of the test phases of the set of available phases, wherein the set of available phases also includes other phases in addition to the test phases; receiving, from a wireless-power receiver, information identifying respective amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by each of the RF test signals; and determining an optimal phase, based on the information identifying respective amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by each of the RF test signals, wherein the optimal phase is determined to deliver a greatest amount of power to the wireless-power receiver, and the optimal phase is one of the other phases of the set of available phases.
 3. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of claim 2, wherein the non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium further includes instructions that, when executed by the wireless-power transmitter, cause the wireless-power transmitter to perform operations including: transmitting, via the antenna of the antenna array of the wireless-power transmitter, an RF power signal to the wireless-power receiver using the optimal phase, wherein the antenna array includes the antenna.
 4. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of claim 2, wherein: the antenna of the antenna array of the wireless-power transmitter is a first antenna; the RF test signals are a first set of RF test signals; the optimal phase is an optimal phase for the first antenna; and the non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium further includes instructions that, when executed by the wireless-power transmitter, cause the wireless-power transmitter to perform operations including: transmitting, via a second antenna of the antenna array of the wireless-power transmitter, a second set of RF test signals using the test phases of the set of available phases; receiving, from the wireless-power receiving device, information identifying respective amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by each of the second set of RF test signals; and determining an optimal phase for the second antenna, based on the information identifying respective amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by each of the second set of RF test signals, wherein the optimal phase for the second antenna is determined to deliver a greatest amount of power to the wireless-power receiver, and the optimal phase is one of the other phases of the set of available phases.
 5. The non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium of claim 2, wherein: the operations that include transmitting, via the antenna of the antenna array of the wireless-power transmitter, the RF test signals using the test phases of the set of available phases include operations for transmitting (i) a first RF test signal at a first test phase of the test phases and (ii) a second RF test signal at a second test phase of the test phases, wherein: the set of available phases includes a range of phase values; and the first and second test phases are selected such that a threshold number of phase values from the range of phase values separates the first and second test phases; and the operations that include receiving, from the wireless-power receiver, the information identifying the respective amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by each of the RF test signals include operations for receiving information identifying first and second amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by the first and second RF test signals, respectively; and the non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium further includes instructions that, when executed by the wireless-power transmitter, cause the wireless-power transmitter to perform operations including: in response to determining that the first amount of power is greater than the second amount of power: selecting the first test phase as a reference test phase; and transmitting, via the antenna, third and fourth RF test signals at third and fourth test phases of the test phases, respectively, wherein the third test phase is a greater phase value than the reference test phase and the fourth test phase is a smaller phase value than the reference test phase.
 6. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 5, wherein the phases in the set of available phases are sequentially ordered by phase values.
 7. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 5, wherein the non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium further includes instructions that, when executed by the wireless-power transmitter, cause the wireless-power transmitter to perform operations including: identifying third and fourth amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by the third and fourth RF test signals, respectively.
 8. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium further includes instructions that, when executed by the wireless-power transmitter, cause the wireless-power transmitter to perform operations including: in accordance with a determination that the third and fourth test phases are each directly adjacent to the reference test phase: comparing the first, third, and fourth amounts of power to one another; and selecting, as an optimal phase for the antenna, the phase with a highest amount of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver from the first, third, and fourth amounts of power.
 9. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium further includes instructions that, when executed by the wireless-power transmitter, cause the wireless-power transmitter to perform operations in accordance with a determination that the third and fourth test phases are each not directly adjacent to the reference test phase, and in response to determining that the third amount of power is greater than the fourth amount of power: selecting the third test phase as the reference test phase; transmitting, via the antenna, fifth and sixth RF test signals at fifth and sixth test phases, respectively.
 10. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the fifth test phase is a greater phase value than the third test phase and the sixth test phase is a smaller phase value than the third test phase.
 11. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium further includes instructions that, when executed by the wireless-power transmitter, cause the wireless-power transmitter to perform operations including: in accordance with a determination that the fifth and sixth test phases are each directly adjacent to the reference test phase: comparing the third, fifth, and sixth amounts of power to one another; and selecting, as an optimal phase for the antenna, the phase with a highest amount of power from the third, fifth, and sixth amounts of power.
 12. A wireless-power transmitter, comprising: a wireless communications radio; an antenna array that includes an antenna; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: transmitting, via the antenna, radio frequency (RF) test signals using test phases of a set of available phases, wherein each of the RF test signals uses a distinct one of the test phases of the set of available phases, wherein the set of available phases also includes other phases in addition to the test phases; receiving, from a wireless-power receiver, information identifying respective amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by each of the RF test signals; and determining an optimal phase, based on the information identifying respective amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by each of the RF test signals, wherein the optimal phase is determined to deliver a greatest amount of power to the wireless-power receiver, and the optimal phase is one of the other phases of the set of available phases.
 13. The wireless-power transmitter of claim 12, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for: transmitting, via the antenna of the wireless-power transmitter, an RF power signal to the wireless-power receiver using the optimal phase, wherein the antenna array includes the antenna.
 14. The wireless-power transmitter of claim 12, wherein: the antenna of the wireless-power transmitter is a first antenna; the RF test signals are a first set of RF test signals; the optimal phase is an optimal phase for the first antenna; and the one or more programs further include instructions for: transmitting, via a second antenna of the wireless-power transmitter, a second set of RF test signals using the test phases of the set of available phases; receiving, from the wireless-power receiving device, information identifying respective amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by each of the second set of RF test signals; and determining an optimal phase for the second antenna, based on the information identifying respective amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by each of the second set of RF test signals, wherein the optimal phase for the second antenna is determined to deliver a greatest amount of power to the wireless-power receiver, and the optimal phase is one of the other phases of the set of available phases.
 15. The wireless-power transmitter of claim 12, wherein: the instructions for transmitting, via the antenna of the wireless-power transmitter, the RF test signals using the test phases of the set of available phases include instructions for transmitting (i) a first RF test signal at a first test phase of the test phases and (ii) a second RF test signal at a second test phase of the actively tested phases, wherein: the set of available phases includes a range of phase values; and the first and second test phases are selected such that a threshold number of phase values from the range of phase values separates the first and second test phases; and the instructions for receiving, from the wireless-power receiver, the information identifying the respective amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by each of the RF test signals include instructions for receiving information identifying first and second amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by the first and second RF test signals, respectively; and the one or more programs further include instructions for: in response to determining that the first amount of power is greater than the second amount of power: selecting the first test phase as a reference test phase; and transmitting, via the antenna, third and fourth RF test signals at third and fourth test phases of the test phases, respectively, wherein the third test phase is a greater phase value than the reference test phase and the fourth test phase is a smaller phase value than the reference test phase.
 16. The wireless-power transmitter of claim 15, wherein the phases in the set of available phases are sequentially ordered by phase values.
 17. The wireless-power transmitter of claim 15, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for: identifying third and fourth amounts of power delivered to the wireless-power receiver by the third and fourth RF test signals, respectively.
 18. The wireless-power transmitter of claim 17, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for: in accordance with a determination that the third and fourth test phases are each directly adjacent to the reference test phase: comparing the first, third, and fourth amounts of power to one another; and selecting, as an optimal phase for the antenna, the phase with a highest amount of power from the first, third, and fourth amounts of power.
 19. The wireless-power transmitter of claim 17, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for: in accordance with a determination that the third and fourth test phases are each not directly adjacent to the reference test phase, and in response to determining that the third amount of power is greater than the fourth amount of power: selecting the third test phase as the reference test phase; transmitting, via the antenna, fifth and sixth RF test signals at fifth and sixth test phases, respectively.
 20. The wireless-power transmitter of claim 19, wherein the fifth test phase is a greater phase value than the third test phase and the sixth test phase is a smaller phase value than the third test phase.
 21. The wireless-power transmitter of claim 19, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for: in accordance with a determination that the fifth and sixth test phases are each directly adjacent to the reference test phase: comparing the third, fifth, and sixth amounts of power to one another; and selecting, as an optimal phase for the antenna, the phase with a highest amount of power from the third, fifth, and sixth amounts of power. 